The functionality at client end doesn't have any big different if you are using Exchange standard or Enterprise CAL.
At Server end the major difference in my point of view is the number of Databases, i.e in Standard version you can create upto 5 databases and in Enterprise 100 databases.
Other difference listed in this link
http://www.microsoft.com/exchange/2010/en/my/Licensing.aspx In early stages it would be a good choice to go with Standard edition to reduce initial cost of the services.